Quick summary
One vexing thing about Alzheimer's, especially in the beginning, is how its effects differ from person to person. Your parent might not experience every symptom or behavioral change, and the disease's timetable can vary. A particular Alzheimer's stage may last years longer for one person than for another, and symptoms can be experienced at earlier or later stages than described below. Because Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, however, it always starts with mild symptoms and gradually worsens as it continues.
The following Alzheimer's stage guide sketches the big picture of likely events.
Mild (Early-Stage) Alzheimer's Disease
During this first Alzheimer's stage, your parent is likely to continue her usual activities, with Alzheimer's-related changes being written off as "getting older," "stress," being "tired," or "simple mistakes."
Memory: Memory lapses are typically the first sign, often years ahead of later symptoms. Your parent may forget things more often or have trouble remembering details about even familiar topics. Of special difficulty will be recalling recent events and people she's met later in life, as well as learning and retaining new information. That's why asking repetitive questions is a hallmark of the disease, as is writing notes to oneself about things like where the car is parked. Your parent may also repeat comments and stories within minutes without realizing it. (Long-term memory, such as childhood recollections, may remain fairly detailed.)
Communication and social skills: Your parent may have trouble finding the right word. Often people in this early Alzheimer's stage are aware that something is amiss, though they may not be sure what's wrong. They therefore shy from situations where they feel put on the spot or vulnerable to embarrassing mistakes, such as social outings, time with friends, or even telephone conversations.
Everyday life: Your parent is easily confused and distracted. She may find it hard to keep track of the time and miss appointments or favorite TV programs. Abstract thinking and making sound judgments become more difficult. She may lose the initiative to partake in activities that were once pleasurable (hobbies, a job) or routine (cooking, writing checks). She may misplace objects regularly or store them in unusual places, then forget where she put them.
Personality: Your parent may seem to be acting unlike her old self. She may become irritable or angry when disease symptoms are disruptive or embarrassing. Mood swings are common and usually stem from frustration.
Other: You'll notice "good" days where your parent seems unchanged and "bad" days when she's having trouble coping, especially in situations that are new, unusual, or otherwise stressful. Your parent may get lost, leave a stove burner on, lock herself out of the car or house, or experience other such incidents.
Moderate (Middle-Stage) Alzheimer's Disease
Symptoms characteristic of early-stage Alzheimer's disease now become more evident as they worsen, become more frequent, and are harder to "cover up."
Memory: Repetitive statements and questions are very common, and they may occur within minutes of each other.
Communication and social skills: As ongoing memory lapses combine with greater difficulty in tracking conversations and contributing meaningfully to them, some people become more timid socially and more apprehensive about speaking up. Others become less inhibited and demonstrate less tact in social situations. In this Alzheimer's stage, your parent may confuse people, especially if they resemble one another (like a mother and daughter). Cognitive impairment and declining hand coordination affect written communication; someone who once wrote letters and sent birthday cards now stops. Many middle-stage Alzheimer's sufferers stop reading, too, and even TV programs may be too hard to follow.
Everyday life: Your parent has more difficulty with abstract thinking and with making good judgments. She may have trouble following written directions, such as cooking from a recipe or filling out a form. (Verbal instructions are more challenging, and problems with them are usually evident earlier.) Even routine, familiar activities that involve a sequence of steps, such as preparing a meal or dressing, may be difficult to complete. A parent who's still driving is at increased risk because of disorientation, decreased coordination, problems judging spatial relationships, and slower response times. Failing judgment makes her vulnerable to poor decisions regarding safety, health, or finances.
Personality: Mood changes and personality alterations become more obvious, especially late in the day or when your parent is tired. She may become distrustful of loved ones, including you, or make unfounded accusations. Anxiety is common and is sometimes expressed by rummaging through drawers, aggressive behavior, yelling, or wandering through or away from the house. Hallucinations or delusions occur. Depression is a risk, often characterized by changes in appetite and sleep habits (she may be a lot hungrier or less hungry than usual, for example, or sleep much more or less than she used to).
Other: During middle-stage Alzheimer's, your parent may begin to get disoriented in familiar environments as well as unfamiliar ones. Unplanned or new activities can be especially troubling. Her sense of smell may be less sensitive, and she may experience incontinence.
Severe (Late-Stage) Alzheimer's Disease
By this final Alzheimer's stage, it's common to be bedridden and completely dependent on others, as the person can no longer reason or manage the most basic self-care.
Memory: As memory problems worsen, they begin to affect recollections from even the distant past. Your parent may no longer recognize the people closest to her, including her spouse or children. She may not even recognize herself when she looks at photos or in the mirror. She consistently forgets to take medicine and do everyday tasks like tooth brushing.
Communication and social skills: As language skills decline, your parent may speak nonsensically. She may make strange sounds, hum, or moan. Or she may cease to speak altogether. It's likely by now that your parent is quite socially withdrawn and has abandoned many previously enjoyed and familiar activities.
Everyday life: Even relatively simple, necessary activities, such as eating and taking care of personal hygiene, require assistance. Both gross motor skills (walking and sitting up) and fine motor skills (buttoning a shirt, holding a spoon) are affected. Falls and injuries are a risk as coordination and depth perception decline. Repetitive movements and actions are common. Your parent spends a lot of time sleeping.
Personality: Because the changes have become so marked, your parent may seem nothing like her old self. Sometimes jolly people turn crotchety, while formerly stern parents may become docile and benign. By the last stages of Alzheimer's, many people express no emotions at all.
Other: Monitoring health, nutrition, and safety now that she is unable to take care of herself is a round-the-clock care-giving task. Your parent may lose significant weight (because eating is difficult) and acquire infections or fall ill easily (because she's generally weak). People weakened by this final Alzheimer's stage more often die from another health problem (pneumonia, secondary infection, cancer) than they do from Alzheimer's itself.
