Quick summary

Part of dealing with type 2 diabetes is learning how to handle potential problems that accompany this diagnosis. Even people who generally keep their diabetes under control may find themselves facing an emergency situation. Find out what these potentially dire diabetes complications are and what you can do to help solve or avoid them.

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome

What it is:

This condition, which also goes by the acronyms HHNS or HONK, is an emergency condition most frequently seen in older people whose blood glucose level is very high. Typically, an underlying illness such as pneumonia, a urinary tract or other infection, or failure to follow a diabetes treatment plan triggers the disorder. HHNS causes severe dehydration, and, left untreated, it can lead to seizures, coma, and even death. The disorder may take days or weeks to develop.

Symptoms:

• Blood sugar level over 600 mg/dL
• Increased urination at first, followed by less frequent but very dark urine
• Dry, parched mouth
• Extreme thirst (which may gradually disappear)
• Warm, dry skin with no sweat
• Rapid pulse
• High fever (over 101 degrees Fahrenheit)
• Sleepiness or confusion
• Loss of vision
• Hallucinations
• Weakness on one side of the body

How to treat it:

This is an emergency condition that requires immediate attention. Call 911 or take the patient to the nearest hospital.

How to prevent it:

• A patient should check his blood sugar regularly, such as before or after meals, upon waking, and before bedtime. Talk with his main diabetes care provider about when and how often to test.
• Find out from his care provider about his target blood sugar range and when he should call if his blood sugar readings are too high.
• If a patient is sick or has an infection, he should check his blood sugar more often.